@article{2196,
  keywords = {Blacks, racial and ethnic attitudes, secondary reinforcement, social reinforcement, whites, attitude change},
  author = {Margaret Spencer and Frances Horowitz},
  title = {Effects of systematic social and token reinforcement on the modification of racial and color concept attitudes in black and in white preschool children},
  abstract = {<p>Investigated previous findings that preschool children negatively perceive the color black and black people and positively perceive the color white and white people. Ss were 24 black and 24 white Head Start children. Attempts to modify this finding were made using black and white puppets, contingent reinforcement, color meaning, racial attitude, and preference procedures. Ss were divided into groups as to race of S and race of E. Results indicate negative attitudes about the color black along with black people. An improvement was noted with contingent reinforcement. (23 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)</p>
},
  year = {1973},
  journal = {Developmental Psychology},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {246-254},
  doi = {10.1037/h0035088},
}